In biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one microgram per gram of a given organism (i.e. less than 0.0001% by weight), but which plays a significant role in its metabolism.
Possible ultratrace elements in humans include boron, silicon, nickel, vanadium[1] and cobalt.[2] Other possible ultratrace elements in other organisms include bromine, cadmium, fluorine, lead, lithium, and tin.[3]
See also
References
- ^ J. Mann & A. S. Truswell (editors). Essentials of Human Nutrition (3rd edition, 2007). Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ Yamada, Kazuhiro (2013). "Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 295–320. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. PMID 24470095.
- ^ Nielsen, Forrest H., Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition, Annual Review of Nutrition
Vol. 4: 21-41 (Volume publication date July 1984)
Mineral supplements (A12) |
---|
Major | Calcium# |
- β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
- acetate
- ascorbate
- carbonate
- chloride
- +cholecalciferol
- citrate
- folinate#
- glubionate
- glucoheptonate
- gluconate#
- glycerylphosphate
- lactate gluconate
- lactate
- malate
- pangamate
- phosphate
- sulfate
- hydroxyapatite
|
---|
Magnesium |
- ascorbate
- aspartate
- carbonate
- chloride
- citrate
- gluconate
- glycinate
- lactate
- levulinate
- malate
- orotate
- oxide
- pidolate
- sulfate#
- taurate
- L-threonate
|
---|
Phosphorus | |
---|
Potassium |
- ascorbate
- bicarbonate
- bitartrate
- carbonate
- chloride#
- citrate (+hydrogen carbonate)
- gluconate
- iodide#
- lactate
- malate
- permanganate#
- phosphate
- sulfate
|
---|
Sodium |
- Docusate sodium#
- Glucose with sodium chloride#
- Heparin sodium#
- ascorbate
- calcium edetate#
- carbonate
- chloride#
- citrate
- gluconate
- hydrogen carbonate#
- lactate#
- malate
- nitrite#
- nitroprusside#
- phosphates
- stibogluconate#
- sulfate
- thiosulfate#
- Suramin sodium#
- Valproic acid#
|
---|
Sulfur | |
---|
|
---|
Trace | Copper | |
---|
Iodine | |
---|
Iron |
- (II) fumarate
- (II) sulfate#
|
---|
Selenium | |
---|
Zinc |
- acetate
- L-aspartate
- L-carnosine
- gluconate
- oxide
- proteinate
- zinc sulfate#
|
---|
|
---|
| Chromium |
- (III) picolinate
- (III) chloride
|
---|
Fluorine |
- fluoride#
- monofluorophosphate
|
---|
Lithium |
- aspartate
- carbonate
- orotate
|
---|
Vanadium | |
---|
|
---|
- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
|